Furthermore, the pattern of SP immunoreactivity, as well as the observed decreases in BBB permeability and brain water content are consistent among these studies, highlighting the reproducibility of these results in both immune-competent and deficient species, and thus the translational potential of SP antagonists as a therapy for cerebral edema. In the present study, both SP and the NK1 receptor were increased in the entire tumor-inoculated hemisphere when compared to the contralateral side, indicating a possible role for SP in mediating the process of edema formation within the peritumoral region. These are central metabolic cores for all eukaryotic cells. We report changes in lipids, glucose, pyruvate, lactate, alanine and glutamine which suggest important shifts in energy metabolism. However, the interpretation of these changes in relation to develop microalbuminuria is unclear. Different studies reported changes in different directions for these metabolites in obesity and related complications. In the present study, glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in plasma, is also associated to microalbuminuria. Glutamine can be produced in the TCA cycle via 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate. It is also an important precursor of urea. In fact, we identified several functional insertion sites, thus establishing the chimeric Ad5T/41sSK fiber as a flexible fiber scaffold for ligand insertion: the HI and EG loops on the side of the knob and for the IJ loop on its top, resulting in superior transduction efficiency compared with C-terminal fusions. The metabolomic profile characteristic of the subjects with microalbuminuria was observed also in normoalbuminuric subjects with the allele of risk or protection, in two of the polymorphism analyzed. These two polymorphisms are linked to the ACE-I and the RPH3A genes.RPH3A is a RAB3A effector, small G protein that is thought to act at late stages of exocytosis. This small protein, present in neurons and in podocytes, confers specificity to vesicles. It is noteworthy that podocytes possess Rab3A and their specific effector rabphilin-3A, which is expressed only in cells capable of highly regulated exocytosis.