Finally, the level of evidence from cohort studies is lower than clinical trials, so our results should be interpreted with caution. Despite the limitations, this research analyzed a gap in the literature about the unclear relationship between the application of SNCP and patient outcomes. In conclusion, SNCP appears to be helpful in achieving target HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM with previously poorly controlled. Other control parameters are slightly improved compared to UNC. Clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings. The number of patients undergoing composite tissue defects has increased sharply over the past several years. As of 2005, a total of 1.6 million people are living with the loss of a limb in the U.S. alone, and this number may reach 3.6 million by the year 2050. People with these defects usually face a number of psychological and social problems, such as social anxiety, lowered self-confidence, negative self-image, depression, and even suicide. With the use of immunosuppressants, highly developed composite tissue allotransplantation techniques make reconstruction possible. However, the CUDC-907 long-term survival of the composite tissue allografts is limited due to both chronic rejection and to the side effects associated with immunosuppressants. The hematopoietic chimerism established by bone marrow cell transplantation leads to condition known as tolerance, in which the recipient’s immune system is fundamentally reprogrammed and accepts the donor tissue for long periods without rejection. It has been suggested that vascularized bone marrow transplantation may be superior to conventional bone marrow cell transplantation for the induction of tolerance. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with the bone components. However, the exact mechanism remains poorly understood. Regulatory T cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells. They express FoxP3, a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor, which is important in the regulation of both Treg development and function. Tregs have been found to be effective in the suppression of autoimmunity and alloimmunity. Recently, they have been approved for peripheral tolerance maintenance and long-term graft acceptance. Allogeneic hind limb transplantation, a form of CTA involving different tissues, such as skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and bone, is believed to be more immunogenic than other sets of tissues and that it therefore requires intense immunosuppression. However, the fact that the majority of recipients maintain their transplants on immunosuppression regimens similar to those used in solid organ transplantation suggests that this may not be true. We speculate that bone components within the allogeneic limbs may be responsible for this. To assess this speculation and explore the mechanism, we utilized a modified hind limb transplantation model to investigate the role of donor bone components in host immunologic responses. We assessed their contributions to the development of chimerism and allograft survival. Given their known activity on tolerance maintenance, the role of FoxP3+ Tregs in this model was also investigated. We found that the inclusion of bone components promoted stable myeloid chimerism and prolonged allograft survival was achieved. Donorspecific Tregs were found to be associated with long-term allograft survival, as confirmed by in vitro one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. Conventional bone marrow cell transplantation has been found to be effective in inducing chimerism and tolerance, which eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression.