In the future, 16S rRNA gene sequencing will continue to be the gold standard for identification of most bacteria, and better automation of such an improved technology may put it into routine use in large microbiology laboratories. The assay described here is a suitable tool for sequencing identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccocus aureus faster and more conveniently, but it is not completely accurate to discriminate Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Under optimal conditions, the protocol can be applied for any PCR and sequence-based analysis after proper modification. The time-consumption and the cost remain acceptable for most laboratories, and will become further reduced as the technology becomes more widely adopted and refined. However, despite the fact that it is difficult to accurately assign some particular isolates to a specific species, assigning to a certain genus can successfully assist the further research. Inflammation, which is characterized by pain, redness, swelling and dysfunction of the tissues and organs, is the normal result of host protective responses to tissue injury caused by numerous stimuli. Inflammation is commonly associated with pain as a secondary process, resulting from the secretion of analgesic mediators. To protect against outer stimuli or tissue injury, various proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and nitric oxide, are released by the host cellular immune response system. However, the excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators may activate the inflammatory cascade reaction, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In addition, prostaglandin E2, a major pain enhancing inflammatory mediator, can be induced by cyclooxygenase 2 in the process of inflammation. Previous investigations have demonstrated that it is beneficial for treating inflammatory diseases to down-regulate the expression of TNF-a, IL-6 and COX-2. Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee, a perennial herbal plant belonging to the genus Phlomis of the family Lamiaceae, is only distributed in the eastern region of the Qinghai-Tibet Tibetan Fulvestrant Plateau in China. The root of P. younghusbandii has been traditionally used in Tibetan medicine as an important crude drug to treat anemopyretic cold, cough with profuse sputum, throat inflammation, skin infection, bronchitis and pneumonia. Recently, the root extracts of this plant have been reported to relieve cough and expell phlegm, as well as demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-bacterial pharmacological activities. Previous phytochemical investigations on P. younghusbandii showed the presence of iridoids, diterpenes and flavones in this plant. However, no chemical components or pharmacological activities of the aerial part of this plant have been reported thus far, because it is not used traditionally.