Which has previously been hypothesized and shown in vitro. Alternatively it may reflect a general upregulation of the innate immune system by the probiotic strains. Unfortunately, our cytokine/chemokine panel did not cover IL-18 to help support this finding. Alternatively the up-regulation, of complement receptors 1 and 3a, as well as TLR2 both are indicative of increased anti-bacterial innate immune system activity. TLR2 specifically is involved in detection of Grampositive surface markers while the complement receptors are important for phagocytosis and inflammatory cascades in response to bacterial infections. L. plantarum has previously been shown to modulate TLR2 expression which may play a role in modifying infection response. In addition, our cytokine/chemokine multiplex results may indicate the up-regulation of interleukin 5 which is most commonly associated with eosinophil activation. Though commonly associated with parasites, eosinophils have also been associated with Actinomyces-like organisms in the urogenital tract and may display some activity against bacterial infection. These seemingly pro-inflammatory responses may be beneficial in aiding the host immune system to help clear BV-associated pathogens to restore a more normal microbiota of symbionts. Microarray analysis failed to collaborate the finding that interleukin 5 was up-regulated, however the two individuals surveyed by microarray did not show up-regulation by cytokine analysis either. If all participants could have been surveyed this result may have been different. Interestingly, caspase 14 plays a role in development and barrier function of the epidermis and we had previously observed its differential regulation associated with vaginal dryness and dysbiosis in a subset of post-menopausal women. Its up-regulation following probiotic treatment may be evidence of improvement in strength and integrity of the vaginal epithelium, though further research is needed to verify this claim. Indeed probiotics are thought to positively act on barrier function. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the use of a systems-wide Staurosporine interactomics approach to examine how probiotic application might modulate the vagina in post-menopausal women. The short duration therapy increased the lactobacilli, as well as modulating inflammatory markers. As the transition from healthy to intermediate to BV is such a common occurrence, women may feel that a three day intravaginal probiotic may be beneficial.