This results similar to Xu et al.’s results and different from Towle et al.’s results, which might reflect that Portunus trituberculatus possesses lower salinity adaptability than C. maenas, and it also suggested that the two crab species might have different signal pathways against the salinity “stress”. It is noteworthy that the present study identied a large number of transcripts signicantly upregulated or downregulate during salinity stress for which no annotation was readily available. This new genes provide a wealth of reference data to further research the mechanism of osmoregulation in Crustacea. Spinal cord injury is characterized by the primary lesion, rapidly followed by a cascade of cellular and molecular events that trigger the development of the secondary lesion, known to be deleterious for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. This worsening of the primary lesion is characterized by inflammatory reactions, free radical production, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuronal death and oligodendrocyte apoptosis. With time, necrosis spreads to adjacent tissues and a cystic cavity appears. Moreover, the initiated spontaneous axonal regeneration is repressed by the inhibitory environment composed of astroglial scar, and myelin-derived inhibitory molecules. In this context, numerous experimental studies have been performed to improve functional recovery, focusing on various parameters: control of Ginsenoside-F4 inflammation, rescue of neural tissue, stimulation of axonal regeneration by modulation of the lesioned environment or promotion of remyelination. Among the developed strategies, cell transplantation aims at replacing lost cells or producing beneficial effects at the lesion site. Among them, olfactory ensheathing cells, schwann cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, neural stem cells or BMSCs have been transplanted in various spinal cord injured contexts. BMSCs are adult stem cells easily isolated from the bone marrow. BMSC transplantations have been widely studied in the context of SCI, and have proven beneficial effects on various aspects: inflammation, apoptosis, axonal regrowth, angiogenesis, tissue sparing, astroglial scar, and motor recovery. Nevertheless, BMSC transplantations have some disadvantages: they do not persist Diacerein within the host injured spinal cord after transplantation, and have a limited ability to replace lost cells ; finally, when used in other pathological contexts, BMSC transplants can have various adverse effects. It is well known that BMSCs secrete a large variety of molecules and many studies have shown beneficial impact of these BMSCreleased factors in different models. Thus, we decided to study the effects of molecules secreted by BMSCs in an adult rat SCI model, using rat BMSC-conditioned medium. This original strategy constitutes a multifactorial treatment that could act on many aspects of SCI physiopathology, avoiding all disadvantages and ethical problems related to the use of cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of BMSC-CM on secondary processes involved in lesion extension after SCI. In vitro experiments were run in parallel to assess the potential beneficial properties of BMSC-CM on apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Our results show that, in vitro, BMSC-CM provides protection against neuronal apoptosis, is pro-angiogenic and confers a proinflammatory phenotype to macrophages. In vivo, we demonstrate for the first time that BMSC-released molecules are able to reduce cystic cavity size along the ventro-dorsal axis at the lesion epicentre, to favour large blood vessel growth and to improve locomotor recovery in a spinal cord contusion injury model.