Firstly, the subcutaneous space is an artificial microenvironment where cutaneous SCC does not develop spontaneously. This is a common choice for animal models nevertheless, because of its accessibility and convenience. Secondly, though our explants retain their epithelial basement membrane zone, it theoretically has a less important role once transplanted to the subcutaneous space. This is an issue insofar as basement membrane integrity contributes to malignancy, which is the case in a wide range of epithelial cancers such as breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and skin. Since in this case we select tumors based on invasive histology, however, the basement membrane is compromised from the start and we need not rely on its integrity to modulate malignancy. We noted volume contraction after 28 days however human SCC cells continued to proliferate and apoptosis remained at pre implantation levels. Volume contraction may have been to an initial lag in engraftment. We will address this and other issues as we develop the model further and extend the time course. Another limitation to this model is the absence of metastasis. This preliminary study was only four weeks, which is a short timeframe to show metastasis. It is likely necessary to extend the time course to fully realize the potential of the model. It may be challenging to achieve metastasis with implantation based models.Due to the limitations mentioned above, more population-based well-designed cohort studies will be needed to confirm our results. The updating of this meta-analysis will give us more information and may help inform clinical practice guidelines in the future. The eukaryotic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis, a global health threat responsible for an estimated million cases of invasive colitis or liver abscess and up to 100,000 deaths per year. Although the parasite has a worldwide distribution, it predominantly affects individuals of lower socioeconomic status, who live in developing countries. Protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification that is regulated by the competing activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. The net phosphorylation state relies on a delicate balance between PKs, which catalyse phosphate addition, and PPs, catalysing phosphate removal. Thus it is not surprising that disease conditions often correlate with alteration of the cell phosphorylation profile as a consequence of a perturbation of kinase and/or phosphatase activities. PKs are currently the pharmaceutical industry’s second largest drug targets, which are extensively studied.