Importantly the PCR sought to identify excreting animals responsible for transmission

A previous study had shown that levels of inhibition from DNA extracted from spiked samples by the FastDNAH Spin Kit were low and this study has validated its use for spiked samples as well as more heterogeneous field samples. Detection in field samples, of unknown status, also showed a high level of concordance between laboratories. None of the 15 putative negative badger latrines Capromorelin tartrate tested positive. Of the putative positive latrines approximately 13% of latrines were recorded by all labs as positive. The same subsamples tested positive in all of the labs. It should be noted that this degree of concordance was high despite M. bovis distribution in latrine samples being naturally heterogeneous. This study also revealed that the quantification of M. bovis levels in the field samples showed good agreement across all three labs. The probability of achieving these results by chance is negligible. Whilst this study��s primary aim was to assess reproducibility, reliability, sensitivity and specificity, it is of interest to consider possible reasons for the low number of badger latrines testing positive. Previous studies indicated higher prevalence however a different target, the MPB70 antigen gene, was used which is not specific for M. bovis and therefore could also have detected other members of the complex such as M. microti. Woodchester Park is located in an area of persistently high bTB herd breakdown incidence and the badger faecal samples collected here originated from a single latrine in each of 15 badger social group territories where the resident badgers are routinely monitored for bTB infection using a combination of tests. It was possible to match 11 of the latrines to social groups for which test results for 2009 were available, the remaining 4 latrines were not able to be conclusively matched. Nine of the matched social groups were identified as containing at least one bTB infected animal, and of these two social groups showed evidence of Ascomycin excreting M. bovis as indicated by culture-positive urine or faeces. All three of the latrines that tested PCR positive in the present study were from social groups which had tested positive with at least one of the tests applied, and of the two social groups observed by culture to be excreting M. bovis, one was identified by PCR. The absence of PCR positive latrine samples in the other six matched social groups that tested positive by any means during live capture and test is not surprising, given the number of likely reasons. These include temporal differences in the time of year that the latrine samples were collected and when badgers were captured and sampled; that only a single latrine per social group was tested and by cross-sectional not longitudinal sampling; that excretion of bacilli by infected badgers is intermittent, and that cell numbers in latrines may have been below or at the threshold of detection by this PCR.