The low immunogenicity makes eUCM-MSCs ideal for cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications, both for species-specific purposes in equine medicine and as a large animal model of pre-clinical trials. The horse is of Deoxyarbutin particular interest in the orthopaedic field, as bone, tendon and ligament diseases have a significant impact on equine industry. Also, enhancing research programs in this species could establish a particularly suitable animal model useful for pre-clinical trials in humans. Infact, current laboratory practices in equine regenerative medicine mirror those in the human field. Morever, the translational use of autologous and allogeneic MSCs for patient therapy far exceeds what is currently permitted in human medicine. To date, stem cell therapy in equine orthopaedic diseases, a relatively new research area, has been based mainly on the use of bone marrow, adipose tissue, amnionderived and umbilical cord blood. The use of stem cells in equine neurological diseases/ neuropathies is still in a planning stage. The use of UCM-MSCs, due to their particularly advantageous features, such as ease of sourcing, high in vitro expandability and differentiation ability, immune-evasion and immune-regulation capacities, high homing ability, limited constraints due to ethical issues, low tumorigenicity, and even tumoricidal ability could allow significant improvements of clinical therapeutical applications. An important procedural aspect of stem cell-based therapies is the control of proliferation and differentiation and extracellular calcium ion is known as a potent mediator of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in a number of different cell types. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is a G protein�Ccoupled receptor able to bind extracellular Ca2+ ions, firstly identified in bovine parathyroid cells by Brown et al.,, and subsequently involved in the regulation of whole-body Ca2+ metabolism. In this context, a large body of evidence supports a role of CaSR in cell proliferation.Indeed, a recent study from our unit Flumequine reported the CaSR is expressed in eUCM-MSCs and is functionally active since calcium and the selective CaSR agonist NPS R-467 stimulate cell growth/proliferation in these cell lines, an effect which is reversed by the CaSR antagonist NPS2390.