Interestingly, several studies conducted in the 1980s also observed a reduction in tumor-size after corticosteroid treatment. These studies, however, were not followed up. A pharmacologic approach using Dex is logical inasmuch as it is an already approved palliative therapy for brain tumors. Despite its efficacy in reducing edema, side-effects of Dex treatment often limit its long-term use. Accordingly, patients are typically weaned off the drug once edema has resolved. We performed a dose-response experiment to determine the lowest possible dose of Dex that can reactivate FNMA in GBM cells. We show that a concentration of 5×10-8 M PTC-209 canfully reactivate FNMA and that even a dose as low as 1×10-8 M can also be effective. This represents a2�C10fold lower dose than currently used to treat brain tumor-related edema. Interestingly, penetrating brain injury, including tumor resection, triggers upregulation of fibronectin at the injury site. Potential sources of fibronectin in CNS injuries include reactive astroglia and ingressing fibroblasts or Schwann cells, but plasma fibronectin is also an important source. A continuous low-dose pharmacologic strategy administered immediately after resection in an environment rich in fibronectin that is assembled into a dense matrix could reduce dispersal and growth of recurrent tumors. Vaccination against smallpox induces good response of both cellular and humoral immunity, but it may be associated with several post-vaccination complications together with a substantial risk of spread of VACV among the contacts of vaccinees. The most severe complications include progressive vaccinia, post-vaccination encephalitis, eczema vaccinatum and a recently described myopericarditis. In this article we focused on eczema vaccinatum. It occurs namely in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis or eczema, and it is caused by a RI-1 dissemination of VACV in the skin apart from the vaccination site, after a self-inoculation or through a contact with a vaccinee.During the worldwide vaccination campaign, EV incidence among primary vaccinees was approximately 10�C40 per million, while the lethality was around 1�C6%. Atopic dermatitis is an increasingly common inflammatory skin disease that is genetically determined but the environmental and neuropsychological factors contribute to the development of the disease also.