Our behavioral measures did not provide any evidence that aniracetam is an effective cognitive enhancer. If other investigators are interested in the cognitive enhancing properties of aniracetam then they may use our results as a starting point and make Udenafil alterations to the experimental design for future studies. In some tissues, mitochondria are physically linked to the endo/ sarcoplasmic reticulum. This has been observed in liver cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, HeLa cells, melanocytes, skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte. Brown adipose tissue is capable of rapidly converting fat stores to heat and has been used as a model system for the understanding of nonshivering heat production and mechanism of energy wasting to control obesity. BAT is found in small rodents, newborn children and in adult��s humans Within BAT cells, the main source of heat production is the mitochondria. Two specific features of BAT mitochondria, which differentiate them from the mitochondria found in other tissues are the presence of WDR5-0103 uncoupling protein isoform 1 which is specifically found in BAT and the presence of a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport ATPase isoform 1 attached to the cristae of BAT mitochondria. The isoform found in BAT is the same as that found in both BAT endoplasmic reticulum and in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. As far as we know, up to now, SERCA has been identified only in BAT mitochondria. BAT thermogenesis is activated by adrenergic stimulation, which promotes the raise of both cytosolic fatty acids and Ca2+ concentrations. There seems to be more than one system contributing to the regulation of BAT mitochondrial thermogenesis but the best known involves the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, fatty acids and GDP. UCP 1 is a protein inserted in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which, in the presence of GDP is impermeable to H +. In this case, the mitochondria are coupled and the energy derived from respiration is used for ATP synthesis. After adrenergic stimulation, the rise of cytosolic fatty acids displaces GDP from UCP1 increasing its H permeability, thus uncoupling the mitochondria and dissipating the energy derived from respiration into heat. In a previous report, using isolated mitochondria, we found that the rise of Ca2+ concentration to a level similar to that observed in BAT cytosol during adrenergic stimulation promotes an increase in mitochondrial thermogenic activity.