The molecular environment of the spinal cord is predominantly gliogenic, but not conducive for the generation of new neurons. We assumed that VEGF provided by F3.VEGF grafts could not overcome the limitation imposed by the molecular niches in the spinal cord. Increases in the number of Tubulin Acetylation Inducer proliferating NG2+ glial progenitor cells and newly born oligodendrocytes can have important implications in the recovery of neurological function after SCI. Demyelinating lesions in the white matter are at least partially responsible for functional deficits after SCI. It has been demonstrated that newly generated oligodendrocytes are capable of remyelinating axons. Therefore, it is conceivable that the expanded pool of proliferating glial progenitor cells by F3.VEGF could induce remyelination and lead to functional recovery. We showed that F3.VEGF grafts markedly enhanced tissue sparing. NG2 glial progenitor cells stimulated by VEGF might differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes and enhance remyelination,MK-0683 eventually leading to the increase in the volume of myelinated white matter. It is also possible that neuroprotective effects and/or angiogenic activity of VEGF played a more major role in enhanced tissue sparing. A single injection of VEGF immediately after SCI increased the density of blood vessels and decreased apoptosis of neural cells. Moreover, VEGF also prevented retraction and promoted regeneration of the corticospinal axons after spinal cord transection. Therefore, enhanced tissue sparing and the resulting improvement of locomotor function by F3.VEGF could be ascribed to a combination of the multifaceted trophic effects of VEGF on glial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, neural cells, and injured axons. In summary, we showed a successful delivery of VEGF to the injured spinal cord tissue by genetically modified human NSCs as cellular vehicles. VEGF overexpressing NSC graft exerted a previously unreported effect of VEGF on glial progenitor cells following SCI: transplantation of F3.VEGF increased the proliferation of NG2+ glial progenitor cells and the number of newly born oligodendrocytes. Therefore, VEGF can be therapeu-tically utilized to repair white matter pathology in SCI.